View source for FreeWiki:Citation templates

<noinclude>{{bots|deny=Citation bot}}
{{Redirect|WP:CT|WikiProject Connecticut|WP:CONN|the capitalisation style of compositions|MOS:CT|cleanup template messages|WP:TC}}
{{Wikipedia how to|WP:CITET|WP:CIT|WP:CT}}
{{selfref|See also: [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup#Verifiability and sources|WP:Template messages/Cleanup/Verifiability and sources]] for cleanup request templates, such as "citation needed" and many more.}}
{{see also|Wikipedia:Citation tools}}
{{see also|Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles/Citation quick reference}}
</noinclude>
'''Citation templates''' are used to format citations in a consistent way, as an alternative to formatting the citations by hand. The use of citation templates is neither encouraged nor discouraged. Templates may be used or removed at the discretion of individual editors, subject to agreement with other editors on the article. '''Because templates can be contentious, editors should not add citation templates, or change an article with a consistent citation format to another, without gaining consensus'''; see [[WP:CITECONSENSUS]] and [[WP:CITEVAR]]. The various citation templates below may be freely mixed, since they all produce a similar format. [[WP:DUPLINK]] and [[WP:OVERLINK]] do not apply to citations. It is expected that a reference citation includes wikilinks to the relevant article for the source, such as ''[[The New York Times]]'', rather than ''The New York Times''.

==Use in footnotes==
{{details|Help:Footnotes}}
{{VE documentation|style=width: 25%; font-size: 87%; float:right}}
For a citation to appear in a footnote, it needs to be enclosed in "ref" tags. You can add these by typing '''{{tag|ref|o}}''' at the front of the citation and '''{{tag|ref|c}}''' at the end. Alternatively you may notice above the edit box there is a row of "markup" formatting buttons which include a '''<nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki>''' button to the right—if you highlight your whole citation and then click this markup button, it will automatically enclose your ''citation'' in ref tags (i.e. '''{{tag|ref|o}}'''''citation'''''{{tag|ref|c}}''').

Note, if this is a new page or if there are not already references previously cited, it is necessary to create a section usually named "Notes" or "References" near the end of the page; see [[WP:FNNR]] and [[MOS:APPENDIX]] for more information on section names:

{{pre2|<nowiki>== Notes ==
<references /></nowiki>}}
''or''
{{pre2|<nowiki>== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}</nowiki>}}

==Using the same footnote multiple times==
{{details|WP:REFNAME}}
Add a name [[HTML#Attributes|attribute]] when creating a footnote {{tag|ref|params=name="name"|content=citation text}}. Thereafter, the footnote may be referenced by just using the following expression {{tag|ref|s|params=name="name"}}.

==Using multiple pages from the same source==
{{details|Help:References and page numbers}}
When an article cites many different pages from the same source, there are two main methods of unifying them instead of copying a completely new citation. One method is [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]] (see {{sfnote}}), which automatically displays an entirely new reference listing in the References section per unique page citation. Another method is to use the template {{tl|rp}}, which appends any type of positional information (such as page numbers, chapter numbers, or audiovisual time code) directly to each given citation in the article body, which would result in text such as {{rp|2345}} appearing after a superscripted footnote number.

==Creating links to citations==
[[Wikipedia:Glossary#Wikilink|Wikilinks]] to citation templates can be created using the templates {{tl|harv}}, {{tl|harvnb}}, {{tl|harvtxt}}, {{tl|sfn}}, etc. For example this "{{harvnb|Mumford|1999}}" links to a citation template below. This is of particular interest for [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Inline citations|inline citations]] using [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Parenthetical referencing|parenthetical referencing]] or when using [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]].<ref>In contrast to [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Parenthetical reference|parenthetical referencing]] or [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]], citations using the [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Footnote system|footnote system]] don't require [[Wikipedia:Glossary#Wikilink|wikilinks]] of course, as the inline citations in this method simply appear as numbers within the text, linking to a list of full citations (and notes) at the end of the article (like this).</ref> (See the [[#Harvard reference and shortened footnote examples|examples]] below or [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations#Wikilinks to full references|wikilinks to full references]])

==Using commas rather than periods==
{{tl|Citation}} creates a citation in the same format as most of the {{cs1}} templates, except that the periods (or full stops) are replaced with commas, and there is no final period or full stop. A complete list of templates that are mimicked by {{tl|citation}} can be found at {{tl|citation/core}}. The parameters {{para|separator}} {{para|postscript}} (available for most templates) can also be used to alter the punctuation.

==Examples==
{{see also cat|Citation templates}}
Below are examples of how to use various [[Wikipedia:template|templates]] to cite a '''book''', '''encyclopedia''', '''journal''', '''website''', '''comic strip''', '''video''' and '''editorial comics''', etc.
* '''For full description of a template''' and the parameters which can be used with it—'''click the template name''' (e.g. {{tl|Citation}} or {{cite xxx}}) in the "'''template'''" column of the table below.
* '''Required''' field(s) are indicated in '''bold'''
* Copy and paste the text under "'''common usage'''" to use the template.
* Following each example is the resulting article text.

For a list of tools that can help create some of the templates below, see: [[Wikipedia:Citation tools]].

Citations are commonly embedded in reference templates. For more information, see: [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]].
{{-}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! Source
! Template
! Common usage
! Examples
|-
<!--
********************************
 cite book
********************************
-->
|-
| rowspan=2 | book
| {{tl|cite book}}<br />'''title'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite book
 | last =
 | first =
 | author-link =
 | title =
 | publisher =
 | series =
 | volume =
 | edition =
 | date =
 | location =
 | pages =
 | language =
 | url =
 | doi =
 | id =
 | isbn =
 | mr =
 | zbl =
 | jfm = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite book
 | last = Mumford
 | first = David
 | author-link = David Mumford
 | title = The Red Book of V...
 | publisher = [[Springer-Verlag]]
 | series = Lecture Notes ...
 | volume = 1358
 | edition = 2nd expanded
 | location = Berlin
 | date = 1999
 | page = 198
 | doi = 10.1007/b62130
 | isbn = 354063293X
 | mr = 1748380
 | zbl = 0945.14001 }}
</pre>
{{cite book
 | last = Mumford
 | first = David
 | author-link = David Mumford
 | title = The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes
 | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]]
 | series = Lecture Notes in Mathematics
 | volume = 1358
 | edition = 2nd expanded
 | location = Berlin
 | date = 1999
 | page = 198
 | doi = 10.1007/b62130
 | isbn = 354063293X
 | mr = 1748380
 | zbl = 0945.14001 }}
<pre>
{{cite book
 | last1 = Cordell | first1 = Bruce R.
 | first2 = Jeff | last2 = Grubb
 | first3 =David | last3 = Noonan
 | title = [[Manual of the Planes]]
 | location = Berlin
 | publisher = [[Wizards of the Coast]]
 | pages = 198–203
 | date = September 2001
 | isbn = 0-786918-50-0 }}
</pre>
{{cite book
 | last1 = Cordell | first1 = Bruce R.
 | first2 = Jeff | last2 = Grubb
 | first3 =David | last3 = Noonan
 | title = [[Manual of the Planes]]
 | location = Berlin
 | publisher = [[Wizards of the Coast]]
 | pages = 198–203
 | date = September 2001
 | isbn = 0-786918-50-0 }}
|-
| {{tl|Citation}}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last =
 | first =
 | author-link =
 | last2 =
 | first2 =
 | author2-link =
 | title =
 | place =
 | publisher =
 | series =
 | volume =
 | orig-year =
 | year =
 | edition =
 | chapter =
 | chapter-url =
 | page =
 | pages =
 | language =
 | url =
 | archive-url =
 | archive-date =
 | doi =
 | id =
 | isbn =
 | mr =
 | zbl =
 | jfm = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | first = David | last = Mu...
 | author-link = David Mumfo...
 | title = The Red Book of V...
 | place = Berlin
 | publisher = [[Springer-Verlag]]
 | series = Lecture Notes ...
 | volume = 1358
 | edition = 2nd expanded
 | year = 1999
 | page = 198
 | doi = 10.1007/b62130
 | isbn = 354063293X
 | mr = 1748380
 | zbl = 0945.14001 }}
</pre>
{{Citation
 | first = David | last = Mumford
 | author-link = David Mumford
 | title = The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes
 | place = Berlin
 | publisher = [[Springer-Verlag]]
 | series = Lecture Notes in Mathematics
 | volume = 1358
 | edition = 2nd expanded
 | year = 1999
 | page = 198
 | doi = 10.1007/b62130
 | isbn = 354063293X
 | mr = 1748380
 | zbl = 0945.14001 }}

<pre>
{{Citation
 | last1 = Cordell | first1 = Bruce R.
 | last2 = Grubb | first2 = Jeff
 | last3 = Noonan | first3 = David
 | title = [[Manual of the Planes]]
 | place = Berlin
 | publisher = [[Wizards of the Coast]]
 | pages = 198–203
 | date = September 2001
 | isbn = 0-786918-50-0 }}
</pre>
{{Citation
 | last1 = Cordell | first1 = Bruce R.
 | last2 = Grubb | first2 = Jeff
 | last3 = Noonan | first3 = David
 | title = [[Manual of the Planes]]
 | place = Berlin
 | publisher = [[Wizards of the Coast]]
 | pages = 198–203
 | date = September 2001
 | isbn = 0-786918-50-0 }}
<!--
*******************************************************
 cite journal (or paper, thesis or dissertation)
*******************************************************
-->
|-
| rowspan=2 | journal<br />paper<br />thesis<br />dissertation<br />See also {{Tl|cite thesis}}
| {{tl|cite journal}}<br />'''Title'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite journal
 | last =
 | first =
 | author-link =
 | title =
 | journal =
 | volume =
 | issue =
 | pages =
 | publisher =
 | location =
 | date =
 | language =
 | url =
 | jstor =
 | issn =
 | doi =
 | id =
 | mr =
 | zbl =
 | jfm =
 | access-date = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite journal
 | author-link = Stephen Brey...
 | title = Copyright: A Rejo...
 | journal = UCLA Law Review
 | volume = 20
 | pages = 75–83
 | date = October 1972 }}
</pre>
{{cite journal
 | last = Breyer
 | first = Stephen
 | author-link = Stephen Breyer
 | title = Copyright: A Rejoinder
 | journal = UCLA Law Review
 | volume = 20
 | pages = 75–83
 | date = October 1972 }}

<pre>
{{cite journal
 | last1 = Bailey | first1 = David H.
 | author1-link = David H. Bailey
 | last2 = Borwein | first2 = Peter
 | author2-link = Peter Borwein
 | last3 = Borwein | first3 = Jonathan M.
 | author3-link = Jonathan Borwein
 | title = The Quest for Pi
 | journal = Mathematical Intelligencer
 | volume = 19
 | issue = 1
 | pages = 50–57
 | publisher = Springer-Verlag
 | location = Berlin
 | date = 25 June 1997
 | url = http://crd.lbl.gov/~dhbailey/...
 | issn =0343-6993
 | doi = 10.1007/BF03024340
 | mr = 1439159
 | zbl = 0878.11002 }}
</pre>
{{cite journal
 | last1 = Bailey | first1 = David H.
 | author1-link = David H. Bailey
 | last2 = Borwein | first2 = Peter
 | author2-link = Peter Borwein
 | last3 = Borwein | first3 = Jonathan M.
 | author3-link = Jonathan Borwein
 | title = The Quest for Pi
 | journal = Mathematical Intelligencer
 | volume = 19
 | issue = 1
 | pages = 50–57
 | publisher = Springer-Verlag
 | location = Berlin
 | date = 25 June 1997
 | url = http://crd.lbl.gov/~dhbailey/dhbpapers/pi-quest.pdf
 | issn =0343-6993
 | doi = 10.1007/BF03024340
 | mr = 1439159
 | zbl = 0878.11002 }}
|-
| {{tl|Citation}}<br />'''journal''' (or '''periodical''')
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last =
 | first =
 | author-link =
 | last2 =
 | first2 =
 | author2-link =
 | title =
 | journal =
 | volume =
 | issue =
 | pages =
 | date =
 | orig-year =
 | year =
 | language =
 | url =
 | jstor =
 | archive-url =
 | archive-date =
 | doi =
 | id =
 | mr =
 | zbl =
 | jfm = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last = Breyer
 | first = Stephen
 | author-link = Stephen Bre...
 | title = Copyright: A Rejo...
 | journal = UCLA Law Review
 | volume = 20
 | pages = 75–83
 | date = October 1972 }}
</pre>
{{Citation
 | last = Breyer
 | first = Stephen
 | author-link = Stephen Breyer
 | title = Copyright: A Rejoinder
 | journal = UCLA Law Review
 | volume = 20
 | pages = 75–83
 | date = October 1972 }}

<pre>
{{Citation
 | last1 = Bailey | first1 = David H.
 | author1-link = David H. Bailey
 | last2 = Borwein | first2 = Peter
 | author2-link = Peter Borwein
 | last3 = Borwein | first3 = Jonathan M.
 | author3-link = Jonathan Borwein
 | title = The Quest for Pi
 | journal = Mathematical Intelligencer
 | volume = 19
 | issue = 1
 | pages = 50–57
 | publisher = Springer-Verlag
 | location = Berlin
 | date = 25 June 1997
 | url = http://crd.lbl.gov/~dhbailey/...
 | issn =0343-6993
 | doi = 10.1007/BF03024340
 | mr = 1439159
 | zbl = 0878.11002 }}
</pre>
{{Citation
 | last1 = Bailey | first1 = David H.
 | author1-link = David H. Bailey
 | last2 = Borwein | first2 = Peter
 | author2-link = Peter Borwein
 | last3 = Borwein | first3 = Jonathan M.
 | author3-link = Jonathan Borwein
 | title = The Quest for Pi
 | journal = Mathematical Intelligencer
 | volume = 19
 | issue = 1
 | pages = 50–57
 | publisher = Springer-Verlag
 | location = Berlin
 | date = 25 June 1997
 | url = http://crd.lbl.gov/~dhbailey/dhbpapers/pi-quest.pdf
 | issn = 0343-6993
 | doi = 10.1007/BF03024340
 | mr = 1439159
 | zbl = 0878.11002 }}
<!--
****************************
 cite web
****************************
-->
|-
| rowspan = 2 | website
| {{tl|cite web}}<br />'''title'''<br />'''url'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<!-- Please synchronize this list with the corresponding one at the template page [[Template:Cite web]] -->
<pre>
{{cite web
 | url =
 | title =
 | last =
 | first =
 | date =
 | website =
 | publisher =
 | access-date =
 | quote = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite web
 | last = Spiegel
 | first = Rachel
 | title = Research: Thalido...
 | url = http://science-educat...
 | access-date = 30 April 2006
 | archive-url = http://web.archive...
 | archive-date = 3 March 2006 }}
</pre>
{{cite web
 | last = Spiegel
 | first = Rachel
 | title = Research in the News: Thalidomide
 | website = 
 | url = http://science-education.nih.gov/nihHTML/ose/snapshots/multimedia/ritn/Thalidomide/index.html
 | access-date = 30 April 2006
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060303065356/http://science-education.nih.gov/nihHTML/ose/snapshots/multimedia/ritn/Thalidomide/index.html
 | archive-date = 3 March 2006 }}
<pre>
{{cite web
 | title =
 | url =
 | website =
 | date = 
 | access-date = }}
</pre>
(Write date as one of the formats shown at [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Full date formatting|MOS:DATE]]; e.g. {{para|date|22 July 2009}} or {{para|date|July 22, 2009}}.)

<pre>
{{cite web
 | last = Hansen
 | first = James E.
 | author-link = James E. Hansen
 | last2 = Ruedy | first2 = R.
 | last3 = Sato | first3 = M.
 | last4 = Lo | first4 = K.
 | title = GISS Surface Temperature An...
 | website = NASA.gov
 | publisher = [[Goddard Institute for...
 | date = December 15, 2005
 | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gis...
 | access-date = September 28, 2006 }}
</pre>
{{cite web
 | last = Hansen
 | first = James E.
 | author-link = James Hansen
 | last2 = Ruedy | first2 = R.
 | last3 = Sato | first3 = M.
 | last4 = Lo | first4 = K.
 | title = GISS Surface Temperature Analysis Global Temperature Trends: 2005 Summation
 | website = NASA.gov
 | publisher = [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies|NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies]]
 | date = December 15, 2005
 | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2005/
 | access-date = September 28, 2006 }}
|-
| {{tl|Citation}}<br />'''title'''<br />'''url'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last =
 | first =
 | author-link =
 | last2 =
 | first2 =
 | author2-link =
 | title =
 | publisher =
 | date =
 | year =
 | url =
 | access-date = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last = Spiegel
 | first = Rachel
 | title = Research: Thalido...
 | url=http://science-educat...
 | access-date = 30 April 2006 }}
</pre>
{{Citation
 | last = Spiegel
 | first = Rachel
 | title = Research in the News: Thalidomide
 | url = http://science-education.nih.gov/nihHTML/ose/snapshots/multimedia/ritn/Thalidomide/index.html
 | access-date = 30 April 2006 }}

<pre>
{{Citation
 | last1 = Hansen | first1 = James E.
 | author1-link = James Hansen
 | last2 = Ruedy | first2 = R.
 | last3 = Sato | first3 = M.
 | last4 = Lo | first4 = K.
 | title = GISS Surface Temperature An...
 | publisher = [[Goddard Institute for ...
 | date = December 15, 2005
 | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gis...
 | access-date = September 28, 2006 }}
</pre>
{{Citation
 | last1 = Hansen | first1 = James E.
 | author1-link = James Hansen
 | last2 = Ruedy | first2 = R.
 | last3 = Sato | first3 = M.
 | last4 = Lo | first4 = K.
 | title = GISS Surface Temperature Analysis Global Temperature Trends: 2005 Summation
 | publisher = [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies|NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies]]
 | date = December 15, 2005
 | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2005/
 | access-date = September 28, 2006 }}
<!--
****************************
 cite comic
****************************
-->
|-
|comic
| {{tl|cite comic}}<ref>
Notes on {{tl|cite comic}}:
* This template allows for a cartoonist field to be used instead of the individual fields if there is a sole creator, as in ''[[Bone (comics)|Bone]]'', or an artist field if the penciller and inker is the same person.
* The style of this template is based on Allen Ellis' [http://www.english.ufl.edu/comics/scholars/guide.html Comic Art in Scholarly Writing: A Citation Guide], 1999.
* See the [[template talk:cite comic|template's talk page]] for more details and field explanations.
</ref>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite comic
 | writer=
 | penciller=
 | inker=
 | story=
 | title=
 | volume=
 | issue=
 | date=
 | publisher=
 | page=
 | panel= }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite comic
 | writer=[[Stan Lee|Lee, Stan]]
 | penciller=[[Jack Kirby|Kirby, Jack]]
 | inker=[[Christopher Rule|Rule, Christopher]]
 | story=The Fantastic Four!
 | title=[[Fantastic Four|The Fantastic Four]]
 | volume=1
 | issue=1
 | date=November 1961
 | publisher=[[Marvel Comics]]
 | page=3
 | panel=2 }}
</pre>
{{cite comic
 | writer=[[Stan Lee|Lee, Stan]]
 | penciller=[[Jack Kirby|Kirby, Jack]]
 | inker=[[Christopher Rule|Rule, Christopher]]
 | story=The Fantastic Four!
 | title=[[Fantastic Four|The Fantastic Four]]
 | volume=1
 | issue=1
 | date=November 1961
 | publisher=[[Marvel Comics]]
 | page=3
 | panel=2 }}
<!--
****************************
 cite comic strip
****************************
-->
|-
|comic strip
| {{tl|comic strip reference}}<ref>
Notes on {{tl|comic strip reference}}
* The style of this template is based on Allen Ellis' [http://www.english.ufl.edu/comics/scholars/guide.html Comic Art in Scholarly Writing: A Citation Guide], 1999.
* See the [[Template talk:Comic strip reference|template's talk page]] for more details and field explanations.
</ref>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{comic strip reference
 | cartoonist=
 | strip=
 | paper=
 | location=
 | date=
 | supplement=
 | syndicate=
 | page= }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{comic strip reference
 | cartoonist=[[Milton Caniff|Caniff, Milton]]
 | strip=[[Steve Canyon]]
 | paper=Journal Herald
 | location=Dayton, OH
 | date=July 15, 1967
 | supplement=Color Comics Supplement
 | syndicate=Newspaper Syndicate
 | page=1 }}
</pre>
{{comic strip reference
 | cartoonist=[[Milton Caniff|Caniff, Milton]]
 | strip=[[Steve Canyon]]
 | paper=Journal Herald
 | location=Dayton, OH
 | date=July 15, 1967
 | supplement=Color Comics Supplement
 | syndicate=Newspaper Syndicate
 | page=1 }}
<!--
*****************************
 cite conference
*****************************
-->
|-
| rowspan=2 | conference<br />report<br />or paper
| {{tl|cite conference}}<br />'''title'''<br />'''booktitle'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite conference
 | first =
 | last =
 | author-link =
 | title =
 | book-title =
 | pages =
 | publisher =
 | date =
 | location =
 | url =
 | doi =
 | id =
 | access-date = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite conference
 | first = M.
 | last = Turk
 | first2 = A.
 | last2 = Pentland
 | title = Face recognition ...
 | book-title = Proc IEEE Con...
 | place = Maui, Hawaii
 | pages = 586–591
 | year = 1991 }}
</pre>
{{cite conference
 | first = M.
 | last = Turk
 | author-link =
 | first2 = A.
 | last2 = Pentland
 | title = Face recognition using eigenfaces
 | book-title = Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
 | place = Maui, Hawaii
 | pages = 586–591
 | year = 1991 }}
<pre>
{{cite conference
 | last1 = Evans | first1 = N. R.
 | last2 = Schaefer | first2 = G.
 | last3 = Bond | first3 = H.
 | last4 = Karovska | first4 = M.
 | last5 = Nelan | first5 = E.
 | last6 = Sasselov | first6 = D.
 | title = Direct detection of the ...
 | book-title = American Astronomical Society 207th ...
 | publisher = AAS
 | date = January 9, 2006
 | url = http://www.aas.org/ ... 30.htm }}
</pre>
{{cite conference
 | last1 = Evans | first1 = N. R.
 | last2 = Schaefer | first2 = G.
 | last3 = Bond | first3 = H.
 | last4 = Karovska | first4 = M.
 | last5 = Nelan | first5 = E.
 | last6 = Sasselov | first6 = D.
 | title = Direct detection of the close companion of Polaris with the Hubble Space Telescope
 | book-title = American Astronomical Society 207th Meeting
 | publisher = AAS
 | date = January 9, 2006
 | url = http://www.aas.org/publications/baas/v37n4/aas207/1130.htm }}
|-
| {{tl|Citation}}<br />'''contribution'''<br />'''title'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | first =
 | last =
 | author-link =
 | first2 =
 | last2 =
 | author2-link =
 | editor-last =
 | editor-first =
 | editor2-last =
 | editor2-first =
 | contribution =
 | contribution-url =
 | series =
 | year =
 | pages =
 | place =
 | publisher =
 | url =
 | doi =
 | id = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last1 = Turk | first1 = M.
 | last2 = Pet... | first2 = A.
 | contribution = Face recog...
 | title = Proc IEEE Confere...
 | place = Maui, Hawaii
 | pages = 586–591
 | year = 1991 }}
</pre>
{{Citation
 | last1 = Turk | first1 = M.
 | last2 = Petland | first2 = A.
 | contribution = Face recognition using eigenfaces
 | title = Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
 | place = Maui, Hawaii
 | pages = 586–591
 | year = 1991 }}
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last1 = Evans | first1 = N. R.
 | last2 = Schaefer | first2 = G.
 | last3 = Bond | first3 = H.
 | last4 = Karovska | first4 = M.
 | last5 = Nelan | first5 = E.
 | last6 = Sasselov | first6 = D.
 | contribution = Direct detection of ...
 | title = American Astronomical...
 | publisher = AAS
 | date = January 9, 2006
 | contribution-url = http://...30.htm }}
</pre>
{{Citation
 | last1 = Evans | first1 = N. R.
 | last2 = Schaefer | first2 = G.
 | last3 = Bond | first3 = H.
 | last4 = Karovska | first4 = M.
 | last5 = Nelan | first5 = E.
 | last6 = Sasselov | first6 = D.
 | contribution = Direct detection of the close companion of Polaris with the Hubble Space Telescope
 | title = American Astronomical Society 207th Meeting
 | publisher = AAS
 | date = January 9, 2006
 | contribution-url = http://www.aas.org/publications/baas/v37n4/aas207/1130.htm }}
<!--
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 cite court
****************************
-->
|-
| court case (legal decision)
| {{tl|Cite court}}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite court
 | litigants =
 | vol =
 | reporter =
 | opinion =
 | pinpoint =
 | court =
 | date =
 | url= }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite court
 | litigants=Roe v. Wade
 | vol=410
 | reporter=U.S.
 | opinion=113
 | date=1973
 | url=http://www.law.corn... }}
</pre>
{{cite court
 | litigants=Roe v. Wade
 | vol=410
 | reporter=U.S.
 | opinion=113
 | date=1973
 | url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0410_0113_ZS.html }}
<!--
****************************
 cite encyclopedia, article in a collection
****************************
-->
|-
| rowspan=2 | encyclopedia,<br />edited collection
| {{tl|cite encyclopedia}}<br />'''Title'''<br />'''encyclopedia'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite encyclopedia
 | title =
 | encyclopedia =
 | volume =
 | pages =
 | publisher =
 | date =
 | id =
 | access-date = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite encyclopedia
 | title = Kirkegaard...
 | encyclopedia = Grote Winkler Pri...
 | editor-last = Winkler Pri...
 | editor-first = Anthony
 | editor-link = Anthony Win...
 | volume = 9
 | publisher = Elsevier
 | year = 1882 }}
</pre>
{{cite encyclopedia
 | title = Kirkegaard, Ole Lund
 | encyclopedia = Grote Winkler Prins
 | editor-last = Winkler Prins
 | editor-first = Anthony
 | editor-link = Anthony Winkler Prins
 | volume = 9
 | publisher = Elsevier
 | year = 1882 }}
<pre>
{{cite encyclopedia
 | last = Kramer
 | first = Martin
 | author-link = Martin Kramer
 | editor-last = Boyd
 | editor-first = Kelley
 | title = Bernard Lewis
 | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Hist...
 | volume = 1
 | pages = 719–720
 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
 | location = London
 | date = 1999
 | url = }}
</pre>
{{cite encyclopedia
 | last = Kramer
 | first = Martin
 | author-link = Martin Kramer
 | editor-last = Boyd
 | editor-first = Kelley
 | title = Bernard Lewis
 | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing
 | volume = 1
 | pages = 719–720
 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
 | location = London
 | date = 1999
 | url = }}
|-
| {{tl|Citation}}<br />'''contribution'''=name of article
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last =
 | first =
 | contribution =
 | year =
 | title =
 | editor-last =
 | editor-first =
 | volume =
 | pages =
 | place =
 | publisher =
 | id = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | contribution = Kirkegaard...
 | title = Grote Winkler Pri...
 | editor-last = Winkler Pri...
 | editor-first = Anthony
 | editor-link = Anthony Win...
 | volume = 9
 | publisher = Elsevier
 | year = 1882 }}
</pre>
{{Citation
 | contribution = Kirkegaard, Ole Lund
 | title = Grote Winkler Prins
 | editor-last = Winkler Prins
 | editor-first = Anthony
 | editor-link = Anthony Winkler Prins
 | volume = 9
 | publisher = Elsevier
 | year = 1882 }}
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last = Kramer
 | first = Martin
 | author-link = Martin Kramer
 | contribution = Bernard Lewis
 | editor-last = Boyd
 | editor-first = Kelley
 | title = Encyclopedia of Historians ...
 | volume = 1
 | pages = 719–720
 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
 | place = London
 | year = 1999
 | contribution-url = http://...is.htm }}
</pre>
{{Citation
 | last = Kramer
 | first = Martin
 | author-link = Martin Kramer
 | contribution = Bernard Lewis
 | editor-last = Boyd
 | editor-first = Kelley
 | title = Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing
 | volume = 1
 | pages = 719–720
 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
 | place = London
 | year = 1999
 | contribution-url = }}
<!--
****************************
 cite episode
****************************
-->
|-
| episode<br />(television or radio)
| {{tl|cite episode}}<br />'''title'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite episode
 | title =
 | episode-link =
 | url =
 | series =
 | series-link =
 | credits =
 | network =
 | station =
 | air-date =
 | began =
 | ended =
 | season =
 | seriesno =
 | number =
 | minutes =
 | transcript =
 | transcript-url= }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite episode
 | title = BBC-TV Presents: ...
 | episode-link = BBC Snooker World ...
 | series = Wide World of Snooker
 | series-link = Wide World of Snooker ...
 | credits = Presenters: [[Dennis ...
 | network = [[BBC]]
 | station = [[BBC Two]]
 | city = [[Sheffield]], ...
 | air-date = 2008-04-27
 | minutes = 2:34 }}
</pre>
{{cite episode
 | title = BBC-TV Presents: The 2008 World Snooker Championship Live at The Crucible
 | episode-link = BBC Snooker World Championship coverage (2008)
 | series = Wide World of Snooker
 | series-link = Wide World of Snooker (tv show)
 | credits = Presenters: [[Dennis Taylor]] and [[Clive Everton]]
 | network = [[BBC]]
 | station = [[BBC Two]]
 | location = [[Sheffield]], [[England]]
 | air-date = 2008-04-27
 | minutes = 2:34 }}
<pre>
{{cite episode
 | title = Duet
 | episode-link = Duet (Stargate Atlant...
 | series = Stargate Atlantis
 | series-link = Stargate Atlantis
 | air-date = August 5, 2005
 | season = 2
 | number = 4 }}
</pre>
{{cite episode
 | title = Duet
 | episode-link = Duet (Stargate Atlantis)
 | series = Stargate Atlantis
 | series-link = Stargate Atlantis
 | air-date = August 5, 2005
 | season = 2
 | number = 4 }}
<!--
****************************
 cite mailing list
****************************
-->
|-
|mailing list
| {{tl|cite mailing list}}<br />'''title'''<br />'''url'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite mailing list
 | last =
 | first =
 | author-link =
 | title =
 | mailing-list =
 | date =
 | url =
 | access-date = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite mailing list
 | last=Murdock
 | first=Ian
 | author-link=Ian Murdock
 | title=Debian GNU/Linux 0.9...
 | mailing-list=debian-announce
 | date=26 October 1995
 | url=http://lists.debian.or...
 | access-date =20 April 2007 }}
</pre>
{{cite mailing list
 | last = Murdock
 | first = Ian
 | author-link = Ian Murdock
 | title = Debian GNU/Linux 0.93 Release 6 now available
 | mailing-list = debian-announce
 | date = 26 October 1995
 | url=http://lists.debian.org/debian-announce/debian-announce-1995/msg00007.html
 | access-date =20 April 2007 }}
<!--
****************************
 cite map
****************************
-->
|-
|map
| {{tl|cite map}}<br />'''author'''<br/>'''year''' or '''date'''<br />'''title'''<br/>'''publisher'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite map
 | author =
 | year =
 | title =
 | url =
 | publisher = 
 | section =
 | access-date = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite map
 | author=Kansas Departmen...
 | year=2005
 | title=Official State Trans...
 | url=http://www.ksdot.org/b...
 | format=PDF
 | edition=2005–06
 | location=Topeka
 | publisher=Kansas Departmen...
 | section=F9
 | access-date =March 30, 2007 }}
</pre>
{{cite map
 | author=Kansas Department of Transportation
 | year=2005
 | title=Official State Transportation Map
 | url=http://www.ksdot.org/burtransplan/maps/state-pdf/kansas0708.pdf
 | format=PDF
 | edition=2005–06
 | location=Topeka
 | publisher=Kansas Department of Transportation
 | section=F9
 | access-date =March 30, 2007 }}
<pre>
{{cite map
 | author1=Skelly Oil Company
 | author2=Diversified Map Co
 | year=1966
 | title=Highway Map of Oklahoma
 | scale= [1:1,500,000]
 | location= St. Louis
 | publisher=Diversified Map Co
 | section=11C
 | oclc= 67708775 }}
</pre>
{{cite map
 | author1=Skelly Oil Company
 | author2=Diversified Map Co
 | year=1966
 | title=Highway Map of Oklahoma
 | scale= [1:1,500,000]
 | location= St. Louis
 | publisher=Diversified Map Co
 | section=11C
 | oclc= 67708775 }}
<!--
********************************
 cite news
********************************
-->
|-
| rowspan = 2 | news article
| {{tl|cite news}}<br />'''Title'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite news
 | last =
 | first =
 | title =
 | newspaper =
 | location =
 | pages =
 | language =
 | publisher =
 | date =
 | url =
 | access-date = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite news
 | last = Finn
 | first = Gary
 | title = What a growing lad needs is ...
 | pages =
 | newspaper = The Independent
 | location = London
 | date = 31 August 1998
 | url = http://www.independent.co.uk ... }}
</pre>
{{cite news
 | last = Finn
 | first = Gary
 | title = What a growing lad needs is a naughty book, says Blair
 | pages =
 | newspaper = The Independent
 | location = London
 | date = 31 August 1998
 | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/what-a-growing-lad-needs-is-a-naughty-book-says-blair-1175187.html }}
<pre>
{{cite news
 | last = Andersen
 | first = David
 | last2 = Witter
 | first2 = Lameen
 | title = Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO...
 | work = Marine Corps News
 | date = 17 February 2006
 | url = http://www.military.com/Caree...
 | access-date = 6 June 2006 }}
</pre>
{{cite news
 | last = Andersen
 | first = David
 | last2 = Witter
 | first2 = Lameen
 | title = Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO Talks About His Rise to Success
 | work = Marine Corps News
 | date = 17 February 2006
 | url = http://www.military.com/Careers/Content1?file=careersArticlesGoDaddy.htm&area=Reference
 | access-date = 6 June 2006 }}
|-
| {{tl|Citation}}<br />'''newspaper''' (or '''magazine''', '''journal''', '''periodical''')
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last =
 | first =
 | author-link =
 | last2 =
 | first2 =
 | author2-link =
 | title =
 | newspaper =
 | pages =
 | year =
 | date =
 | url =
 | archive-url =
 | archive-date =
 | access-date = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last = Finn
 | first = Gary
 | title = What a growing lad needs is ...
 | pages =
 | newspaper = The Independent
 | location = London
 | date = 31 August 1998
 | url = http://www.independent.co.uk ...
 | archive-url = http://www.webcitation ...
 | archive-date = 2010-03-06 }}
</pre>
{{Citation
 | last = Finn
 | first = Gary
 | title = What a growing lad needs is a naughty book, says Blair
 | pages =
 | newspaper = The Independent
 | location = London
 | date = 31 August 1998
 | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/what-a-growing-lad-needs-is-a-naughty-book-says-blair-1175187.html
 | archive-url = http://www.webcitation.org/5o2QlSnnD
 | archive-date = 2010-03-06 }}
<pre>
{{Citation
 | last1 = Andersen | first1 = David
 | last2 = Witter | first2 = Lameen
 | title = Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO...
 | newspaper = Marine Corps News
 | date = 17 February 2006
 | url = http://www.military.com/Ca...
 | access-date = 2 June 2006 }}
</pre>
{{Citation
 | last1 = Andersen | first1 = David
 | last2 = Witter | first2 = Lameen
 | title = Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO Talks About His Rise to Success
 | newspaper = Marine Corps News
 | date = 17 February 2006
 | url = http://www.military.com/Careers/Content1?file=careersArticlesGoDaddy.htm&area=Reference
 | access-date = 2 June 2006 }}
<!--
*****************************
 cite newsgroup
*****************************
-->
|-
| newsgroup<br />posting<br />('''DO NOT'''<br />'''USE TO'''<br />'''[[WP:V|VERIFY]]''')
| {{tl|cite newsgroup}}<br />'''Title'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite newsgroup
 | title =
 | author =
 | date =
 | newsgroup =
 | id =
 | url =
 | access-date = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite newsgroup
 | author = Gary S. Terhune
 | title = Lost Ctrl-Alt-Del...
 | date = January 11, 2004
 | newsgroup = microsoft.pub...
 | id = uAIVMjC2DHA.2336@TK2...
 | url = http://groups.googl...
 | access-date = May 16, 2006 }}
</pre>
{{cite newsgroup
 | author = Gary S. Terhune
 | title = Lost Ctrl-Alt-Del function on W98, 2nd
 | date = January 11, 2004
 | newsgroup = microsoft.public.win98.gen_discussion
 | id = uAIVMjC2DHA.2336@TK2MSFTNGP09.phx.gbl
 | url = http://groups.google.com/group/microsoft.public.win98.gen_discussion/msg/54f1c50b9eab17fb
 | access-date = May 16, 2006 }}
<pre>
{{cite newsgroup
 | title = How can helping "Kids in Af...
 | author = Trodel
 | date = June 10, 2006
 | newsgroup= humanities.philosophy.ob...
 | id = 1149950890.204481.35810@h76g20...
 | url = http://groups.google.com/grou...
 | access-date = July 3, 2006 }}
</pre>
{{cite newsgroup
 | title = How can helping "Kids in Africa" be in my self interest
 | author = Trodel
 | date = June 10, 2006
 | newsgroup = humanities.philosophy.objectivism
 | id = 1149950890.204481.35810@h76g2000cwa.googlegroups.com
 | url = http://groups.google.com/group/humanities.philosophy.objectivism/browse_frm/thread/79fd9ef419914f2e
 | access-date = July 3, 2006 }}
<!--
******************************************************
 cite paper (deprecated, use cite journal)
******************************************************
-->
<!--
***************************
 cite patent
***************************
-->
|-
| patent
| {{tl|Cite patent}}<br />'''inventor-last'''
| style="vertical-align: top;"|
<pre>
{{cite patent
 | inventor-last =
 | inventor-first =
 | inventorlink =
 | inventor2-last =
 | inventor2-first =
 | inventorlink2 =
 | publication-date =
 | issue-date =
 | title =
 | country-code =
 | description =
 | patent-number = }}
</pre>
|<pre>
{{cite patent
 | inventor1-last = Degermark
 | inventor1-first = Mikael
 | inventor2-last = Brodnik
 | inventor2-first = Andrej
 | inventor3-last = Carlsson
 | inventor3-first = Svante
 | inventor4-last = Pink
 | inventor4-first = Stephen
 | title = Fast routing lookup system
using complete prefix tree, bit vector,
and pointers in a routing table for
determining where to route IP datagrams
 | issue-date = 2001
 | patent-number = 6266706
 | country-code = US }}
</pre>
{{cite patent
 | inventor1-first = Mikael | inventor1-last = Degermark
 | inventor2-first = Andrej | inventor2-last = Brodnik
 | inventor3-first = Svante | inventor3-last = Carlsson
 | inventor4-first = Stephen | inventor4-last = Pink
 | title = Fast routing lookup system using complete prefix tree, bit vector, and pointers in a routing table for determining where to route IP datagrams
 | issue-date = 2001
 | patent-number = 6266706
 | country-code = US }}
<!--
************************
 cite press release
************************
-->
|-
| press release
| {{tl|cite press release}}<br />'''Title'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite press release 
|last= 
|first= 
|date= 
|title= 
|url= 
|location= 
|publisher= 
|agency= 
|access-date=}}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite press release 
|last=Roithmayr 
|first=Mark 
|date=February 5, 2007 
|title=Autism Speaks ... 
|url=http://autismspeaks.org...
|location=New York 
|publisher=[[Autism Speaks]] 
|access-date=November 19, 2007}}
</pre>
{{cite press release 
|last=Roithmayr 
|first=Mark 
|date=February 5, 2007 
|title=Autism Speaks and Cure Autism Now Complete Merger 
|url=http://autismspeaks.org/press/autism_speaks_can_complete.php 
|location=New York 
|publisher=[[Autism Speaks]] 
|access-date=November 19, 2007}}
<pre>
{{cite press release 
|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> 
|title=Sprint 4G LTE Lights Up... 
|url=http://newsroom.sprint.com... 
|location=Overland Park, Kansas 
|publisher=[[Sprint Nextel]] 
|date=November 26, 2012 
|access-date=November 28, 2012}}
</pre>
{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Sprint 4G LTE Lights Up in 11 New Cities and Counties in Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia |url=http://newsroom.sprint.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=2468 |location=Overland Park, Kansas |publisher=[[Sprint Nextel]] |date=November 26, 2012 |access-date=November 28, 2012}}
<!--
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 cite AV media
******************************
-->
|-
| video<br />(movie, television production, documentary, etc.)
| {{tl|cite AV media}}<br />'''people'''<br />'''title'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite AV media
 | people =
 | title =
 | medium =
 | publisher =
 | location =
 | date =
 | url = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite AV media
 | people = Al-Issawi, Omar (Director)
 | title = Harab libnan
 | medium = Television production
 | publisher = Al-Issawi, Om...
 | location = Lebanon
 | date = 2001 }}
</pre>
{{cite AV media
 | people = Al-Issawi, Omar (Director)
 | title = Harab libnan
 | medium = Television production
 | publisher = Al-Issawi, Omar
 | location = Lebanon
 | date = 2001 }}
<pre>
{{cite AV media
 | people = Dick Cavett
 | title = The Dick Cavett Show&nbsp;— Rock...
 | medium = DVD
 | publisher = Shout Factory
 | date = 2005 }}
</pre>
{{cite AV media
 | people = Dick Cavett
 | title = The Dick Cavett Show&nbsp;— Rock Icons (1969)
 | medium = DVD
 | publisher = Shout Factory
 | date = 2005 }}
<!--
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 cite video game
****************************
-->
|-
|video game
| {{tl|cite video game}}<br />'''title'''<br />'''developer'''
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite video game
 | title =
 | developer =
 | publisher =
 | date =
 | platform =
 | version =
 | level =
 | language =
 | isolang =
 | quote = }}
</pre>
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
<pre>
{{cite video game
 | title=[[Halo 3]]
 | developer= [[Bungie]]
 | publisher=[[Microsoft Game Studios]]
 | date=September 25, 2007
 | platform=[[Xbox 360]]
 | version=1.0
 | level=The Storm
 | language=English
 | isolang=
 | quote='''Arbiter''': More Brutes? /... }}
</pre>
{{cite video game
 | title=[[Halo 3]]
 | developer= [[Bungie]]
 | publisher=[[Microsoft Game Studios]]
 | date=September 25, 2007
 | platform=[[Xbox 360]]
 | version=1.0
 | level=The Storm
 | language=English
 | isolang=
 | quote='''Arbiter''': More Brutes? / '''Master Chief''': Worse. }}
|}
<!-- |10 |20 |30 |40 |50 |60 |70 |80-->
<!--Ref 1 end here(30 chars)->| |<-Ref 2 end there(40 chars) -->
----
<!--Other templates-->
* {{Tl|cite album-notes}}
* {{Tl|cite thesis}}

==Harvard reference and shortened footnote examples==
{{see also|Template:Harvard citation documentation}}

These templates automatically create a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. All the following templates are supported: {{tl|citation}} · {{tl|cite book}} · {{tl|cite journal}} · {{tl|cite web}} · {{tl|cite conference}} · {{tl|cite encyclopedia}} · {{tl|cite mailing list}} · {{tl|cite news}} · {{tl|cite press release}} · {{tl|cite arXiv}} · {{tl|cite AV media}} (an up-to-date list is at [[Template:Citation/core]]). To use the links, the template must define "Surname" (or "Last") and "Year" and must include {{para|ref=harv}}

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! What to type
! What it makes
|- valign = "top"
|
* Article text.<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:sfn|sfn]]<nowiki>|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}}</nowiki> (Shortened footnote template)
* Article text.<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:sfn|sfn]]<nowiki>|Smith|1879|p=289}}</nowiki>
<nowiki>==Notes==</nowiki><br />
{{tl|reflist}}
|
* Article text.<sup id="A1t" class="reference">[[:#A1f|[1]]]</sup>
* Article text.<sup id="A2t" class="reference">[[:#A2f|[2]]]</sup>
{{Fake heading|Notes}}
{{refbegin}}
# <li id="A1f">'''[[#A1t|^]]'''{{Harvnb|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}}</li>
# <li id="A2f">'''[[#A2t|^]]'''{{Harvnb|Smith|1879|p=289}}</li>
{{refend}}
|- valign = "top"
|
* <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Harvard citation|Harvard citation]]<nowiki>|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}}</nowiki>
* <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Harvard citation|Harv]]<nowiki>|Smith|1879|p=289}}</nowiki>
* <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Harvard citation text|Harvtxt]]<nowiki>|Turner|1851}}</nowiki> asserts that ... (author's name part of text)
* <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Harvard citation no brackets|Harvnb]]<nowiki>|Smith|1879}}</nowiki> (no brackets)
* <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Harvard citation|Harv]]<nowiki>|Lincoln|Washington|Adams|Johnson|2007|pp=88–89}}</nowiki> (multi-author)
|
* {{Harvard citation|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}}
* {{Harv|Smith|1879|p=289}}
* {{Harvtxt|Turner|1851}} asserts that ...
* {{Harvnb|Smith|1879}}
* {{Harv|Lincoln|Washington|Adams|Johnson|2007|pp=88–89}}
|- valign = "top"
|
Three '''Harvcol''' templates are altered to use colons to indicate page numbers.
* <nowiki> {{</nowiki>[[Template:Harvcol|Harvcol]]<nowiki>|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}}</nowiki>
* <nowiki> {{</nowiki>[[Template:Harvcol|Harvcol]]<nowiki>|Smith|1879|p=289}}</nowiki>
* <nowiki> {{</nowiki>[[Template:Harvcoltxt|Harvcoltxt]]<nowiki>|Blust|1999}}</nowiki> asserts that ...
* <nowiki> {{</nowiki>[[Template:Harvcolnb|Harvcolnb]]<nowiki>|Smith|1879}}</nowiki>
* <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Harvcolnb|Harvcolnb]]<nowiki>|Lincoln|Washington|Adams|Johnson|2007|pp=88–89}}</nowiki>
|
'''Harvcol''' templates
* {{Harvcol|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}}
* {{Harvcol|Smith|1879|p=289}}
* {{Harvcoltxt|Blust|1999}} asserts that ...
* {{Harvcolnb|Smith|1879}}
* {{Harvcolnb|Lincoln|Washington|Adams|Johnson|2007|pp=88–89}}
|}

==Variations==
Wikipedia does not dictate a particular way to insert citations into an article. As a result, there are multiple ways to structure citations in an article; multiple ways to insert individual citations; and multiple ways to link short-form inline citations with the full-form citations in the bibliography, when using a style that calls for short-form citations.

There are three primary ways to format individual citations:
# By hand. When using inline citations (see below), these are simply typed directly; however, when using shortened footnotes or parenthetical references, these can be surrounded with {{tl|wikicite}} to ensure that the appropriate shortened references are linked to the full references below.
# Using the {{cs1}} templates, such as {{tl|cite book}}, {{tl|cite web}}, {{tl|cite journal}}, or {{tl|cite news}}.
# Using the generic {{tl|Citation}} template.

The main differences between the generic {{tl|Citation}} template and the specific {{cs1}} templates are:
# The {{cs1}} templates produce citations with individual sections (e.g. title, author, publisher, etc.) separated by periods, with a trailing period, while {{tl|Citation}} separates sections with a comma and has no trailing punctuation. (However, this can be changed using the {{para|separator}} and {{para|postscript}} parameters.)
# Not all {{cs1}} templates can easily be replaced by the {{tl|Citation}} template. Generally, any {{cs1}} template of a general nature (e.g. book; web site; journal or newspaper article; article in an edited collection or encyclopedia; etc.) can be replaced, but specialized templates (court cases, comic books, video games, etc.) cannot very easily.
# Some of the parameter names differ. For example, citing an article in an edited collection uses the misnamed {{tl|cite encyclopedia}} template, with {{para|title}} for the article name and {{para|encyclopedia}} for the collection name; the equivalent parameters in {{tl|Citation}} are named {{code|contribution}} and {{code|title}}, respectively.
# When using [[WP:parenthetical referencing|parenthetical referencing]], a Harv templates template that identifies a citation by author and year will automatically link to the appropriate citation elsewhere in the article if created using {{tl|Citation}}. If created using {{cs1}}, however, a {{para|ref|harv}} parameter must be added.

There are also at least three ways to structure citations as a whole in an article:
# Inline citations. These simply place the citation inside of a {{tag|ref}} reference, which inserts a small bracketed, superscripted number. When clicked on, it links to a correspondingly-numbered footnote (more properly an [[endnote]]) placed elsewhere in the article. The footnotes themselves are inserted using {{tl|reflist}}, which is typically placed by itself in a ''Notes'' (or ''References'') section near the end of the article. When there are multiple references to the same citation, typing can be saved by using <code>&lt;ref name="foo"&gt;...&lt;/ref&gt;</code> the first time, and just <code>&lt;ref name="foo"/&gt;</code> elsewhere. When there are citations that differ only in page number, there are two alternatives: write all the citations out in full, including the page number, or use one citation without page numbers along with the {{tl|rp}} template to add an inline page number after the small bracketed footnote number.
# Shortened footnotes. Instead of the full-form citation appearing in the footnote, a shortened form appears, giving only the author and year (or in some styles, a shortened version of the article or book title), and page number if appropriate. The full citation appears later on, in a bibliography section. This usually follows directly after the footnotes, is titled "References" or "Bibliography", and contains all relevant citations, listed in alphabetical order. This style is especially appropriate when there are large numbers of references overall and frequent cases of multiple references to the same work, especially in the presence of differing page numbers.
# [[WP:Parenthetical references|Parenthetical references]]. These are conceptually similar to shortened footnotes, but the shortened reference appears inline in the text, in parentheses, rather than in a footnote.

When using shortened footnotes or parenthetical references, there are multiple ways to link the shortened and full-form references:
# Don't link them. This happens by default when the shortened references are typed in by hand.
# Insert manual links. These look like e.g. <code><nowiki>[[#refPereira2006|Pereira 2006, p. 25]]</nowiki></code>. The anchor <code>#refPereira2006</code> is attached to the full-form citation by surrounding it with {{tl|wikicite}} (if inserted by hand), or adding a {{para|ref}} parameter to the citation template.
# Insert links using a Harv templates template, e.g. <code><nowiki>{{Harvnb|Pereira|2006|p=25}}</nowiki></code>. This will insert "{{Harvnb|Pereira|2006|p=25}}" into the text and link it to the citation with the corresponding last name and year. As mentioned above, when using a {{cs1}} template, the parameter {{para|ref|harv}} must be added, but this is unnecessary for {{tl|Citation}}. When using parenthetical references, the plain {{tl|Harv}} template is used, which automatically inserts parentheses. Other variations format the page number or parentheses differently.
# Use the {{tlx|sfn}} template for the whole of the footnote. The {{tlx|sfn}} template creates its own named {{tag|ref}} tags: {{tlx|sfn|Pereira|2006|4=p=25}} is exactly equivalent to {{tag|ref|content=<nowiki>[[#CITEREFPereira2006|Pereira 2006]]</nowiki>, p.&nbsp;25.|params=name=FOOTNOTEPereira200625}} which is itself equivalent to {{tag|ref|content={{tlx|Harvnb|Pereira|2006|4=p=25}}|params=name=FOOTNOTEPereira200625}}.


See also [[WP:Footnotes]] and [[WP:Citing sources]] for general information, and [[WP:CITEX]] for specific examples of exactly how to write the code for various combinations of the above styles.

==Discussing citations on talk pages==
For convenience when citations are brought to talk pages, noticeboards and other discussions, follow the group of citations with {{tl|Reflist-talk}}.
{{pre2|<nowiki>{{Reflist-talk}}</nowiki>}}
This template places the citations in their own box under the bold header '''References'''. The resulting reference box does not appear in the table of contents.

==See also==
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles]] for templates about citation-related problems in articles
* [[Wikipedia:How to avoid duplicated citations]]

==Notes==
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